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The history of this continent's original inhabitants encompasses a broad range of cultures and experiences . American Indians varied greatly from region to region, as did their reactions to European settlement . The Smithsonian is currently building the National Museum of the American Indian on the Mall in Washington, D.C., that will house one of the world's largest collections of American Indian artifacts. Pocahontas (circa 1595-1617)
Unidentified artist
Oil on canvas, after the 1616 engraving by Simon van de Passe, NPG.65.61
National Portrait Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Transfer from the National Gallery of Art; gift of Andrew W. Mellon, 1942
Pocahontas (Matoaka) illustrates the romantic notions that Europeans often built around the people they encountered in the New World. Even today, the legend of Pocahontas remains so powerful that it is difficult to separate the facts of her life from the myth. Pocahontas was the daughter of Chief Powhatan (Wahunsonacock), the powerful leader of thirty-two Algonquian bands known as the Powhatan Confederacy, in what is now eastern Virginia. She, along with some other Indians, came into contact with the English settlers of Jamestown in 1607. Legend has it that the following year she saved Jamestown's leader, Captain John Smith, from a brutal execution after he had been captured by her uncle Opechancanough. Smith later claimed that the story was true, although his initial accounts of Jamestown make no mention of either his close brush with death or Pocahontas's involvement in it. Some believers in the tale have construed Pocahontas's action as an act of love. On the other hand, many suspect that the incident was a total fabrication, made up by Smith to boost his image. Still others have speculated that if the incident did occur, it was simply part of an Indian ritual that Smith may have misunderstood.
In any event, not long afterward, Pocahontas served as a go-between in negotiations between Smith and her father, and on one occasion warned Smith of an Indian attack on a party that Smith had organized to negotiate with Powhatan. Little more is known of Pocahontas until 1612, when she was captured by the English and held as ransom for the return of English prisoners. While in Jamestown, she converted to Christianity, taking the name of Rebecca. She married the tobacco farmer John Rolfe in 1613, and the union initiated a temporary truce between Powhatan and the colonists.
In 1616, the Rolfes sailed to England, where Pocahontas was welcomed by King James I and Queen Anne as royalty. While there, they received a surprise visit from Captain Smith, whom Pocahontas had supposed to be dead. Her troubled reaction was interpreted by some as a manifestation of her undying love for Smith. The next year, as the Rolfes were preparing to return to Virginia, Pocahontas contracted a fatal illness. After her death, Rolfe returned to America, where he died in 1622. Their son, Thomas Rolfe, who was raised by his father's family in England, later went on to become a successful Virginia landowner.
Black Hawk (1767-1838)
John Cameron (active 1848-1872) after James Otto Lewis (1799-1858)
Hand-colored lithograph, 1836, NPG.79.90
National Portrait Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Black Hawk (Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak) was an influential Sauk chief who took exception to an 1804 treaty whereby the Sauk and Fox tribes of Illinois and Wisconsin agreed to leave fifty million acres of land east of the Mississippi River at that point in the future when white settlers should begin moving onto them. While resenting the treaty's terms, Black Hawk and his dissident allies also challenged the agreement's validity, because the tribal representatives at St. Louis had been intoxicated when they signed the treaty.
Valid or not, the agreement had to be implemented in the 1820s, as more and more settlers streamed into the area in question,. The bulk of the Sauk and Fox tribes affected had moved across the Mississippi River by the early 1830s. Black Hawk and his followers were among those forced to migrate, but they bridled at the resettlement and kept returning to Illinois. For a period outright war was avoided, but hostilities finally broke out in early 1832. Unfortunately for Black Hawk, the Indian allies and British assistance from Canada that he was hoping would assist him in this struggle never materialized. By late summer, the uprising was crushed, and Black Hawk was a prisoner. After traveling to Washington where he met President Andrew Jackson , he was sent to Iowa to live out his final days. In many respects the story of the Black Hawk War is typical of the multitude of conflicts that resulted from tribal displacement during the period of westward expansion. Today his autobiography, Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, dictated while he was in prison and published in 1833, is a classic in American literature.
The Armed Forces gallery at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History tells more about the armed conflicts--including the Black Hawk War--that resulted from the clash of Native American and European cultures. In addition, the exhibition "After the Revolution" takes an in-depth look at the customs and social structures of the Seneca Nation, an eastern woodland tribe that inhabited what is now western New York State.
Geronimo (1829-1909)
Reed and Wallace Studio (1884-1892)
Photograph, 1890, NPG.80.246
National Portrait Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Geronimo (Goyathlay, or "One Who Yawns") has the distinction of being the last American Indian to formally surrender to the United States government--but only after a long struggle. Geronimo was the leader of the Chiricahua band of the Apache tribe in what is now southwest New Mexico, southeast Arizona, and northern Mexico. He grew up in a time of intense regional conflict between Mexicans, Americans, and Indians. In 1858 Mexican soldiers killed his mother, wife, and children, and Geronimo vowed to take revenge. No settler on either side of the border--and no fellow Indian--was immune to his attacks.
Both the Mexican and the American armies, aided by rival Apaches, pursued him for more than ten years. Though they captured Geronimo twice, he escaped both times. In 1886 Geronimo surrendered for the last time, but on his own terms. He remained in the custody of the army, and after a brief imprisonment, he worked as an army scout in Oklahoma. Later in life, with few other resources available, Geronimo capitalized on his fame, selling souvenirs and appearing at public events such as Teddy Roosevelt's 1905 inaugural parade. Said a judge who presided at his trial, "There is not, probably, in the history or tradition or myths of the human race another instance of such prolonged resistance against such tremendous odds."
http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~bucko/indian.html Native American research page http://falcon.jmu.edu/~ramseyil/native.htm Native American Internet resources http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/native-am/ Native American History Class Projects, Duke University http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HNS/Indians/main.html Romancing the Indian: depictions of American Indians in 19th century literature Pocahontas
http://www.powhatan.org/ Powhatan Renape Nation, Rankokus Indian Reservation http://www.powhatan.org/pocc.html Powhatan version of the Pocahontas legend http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/poca/pocind.html Native Opinions on Pocahontas A gathering of Native American responses to Disney's Pocahontas http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC-home.html Historical and artistic perspectives on Pocahontas from the American Studies Group at the University of Virginia http://members.tripod.com/~AlanCheshire/index-15.html Pocahontas, John Rolfe, Jamestown and Virginia links http://www.apva.org/ Jamestown Rediscovery archaeological project, Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities Black Hawk
http://www.TheHistoryNet.com/MilitaryHistory/articles/1998/02982_cover.htm The Trail of Black Hawk, HistoryNet http://weber.ucsd.edu/Depts/Ethnic/fac/rfrank/Ledger.Project.Web/Black.Hawk.html Black Hawk "Dream Visions" Ledger Geronimo
http://www.indians.org/welker/geronimo.htm Geronimo biography, quotes and other information http://www.primenet.com/~davison/sca01a.htm Geronimo and the Chiricahua Apaches http://huachuca-usaic.army.mil/GARRISON/BTROOP/indian.html Geronimo's Campaign, 1886, B Troop 4TH U.S. Cavalry
Native American Sites:
Native American Megasites
Individual Tribes
Northwest Tribes
Legislation & Treaties
Legends & Folktales
Native American Megasites American Indians and the Natural World
http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/north-south-east-west/ This site from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History illustrates how native people are connected to the natural universe. The museum selects a few specific tribes to illustrate this. Compact History: A Geographic Overview
http://www.dickshovel.com/up.html History, location, names, language, sub-tribes, culture and population and more on many tribes throughout the United States. More Northeast tribes are covered at this site. Stones Unturned
http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/stones/engfrm.htm This site from the Canadian Museum of Civilization presents Native American clothes, toys, and musical instruments and also highlights seven native tribes of Canada. First Nations Histories
http://www.tolatsga.org/Compacts.html This site includes basic information on the history, culture, language etc, of 48 Native American tribes. First Americans for Grade Schoolers
http://www.germantown.k12.il.us/html/intro.html Created by public school teachers, this site includes basic inforamtion and pictures about the northwest, plains, California, southwest and Woodland Native American cultures. First Americans for Grade Schoolers
http://www.u.arizona.edu/ic/kmartin/School/ This site looks at the Tlingit, Lakota (Sioux), Din (Navajo), Miscogee (Creeks) and Iroquis tribes. Find out about the food they ate, and their housing, clothing, ceremonies, and more. Flags of the Native Peoples of the United States
http://users.aol.com:80/Donh523/navapage/index.html View 130 flags, representing 102 Native nations and Associations. Index of The North American Indian
http://www.curtis-collection.com/tribalindex.html Brief summaries of 80 western native tribes visited and photographed by Edward Sherrif Curtis from 1890 to 1930. Indians of the Great Basin
http://www4.hmc.edu:8001/humanities/basin/gb-title.htm Social and political cultures, spiritualism and religion, arts and literatures, Post-Columbian history, contemporary issues and more. Lewis & Clark: PBS Series - The Native Americans
http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/native/index.html This section of the site provides background on all the tribes Lewis and Clark encountered on their journey. Includes the Arikaras, the Assiniboins, the Blackfeet, the Chiooks, the Clatsops, the Hidatsas, the Mandans, the Missouris, the Nez Perces, the Otos, the Shoshones, the Teton Sioux, the Tillamooks, the Walla Wallas, the Wishrams, the Yanktons, and the Yankton Sioux. National Museum of the American Indian
http://www.nmai.si.edu/ This Smithsonian Institute site includes Resource Center information on the Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere, and the exhibitions, programs, and collections of the National Museum of the American Indian. Native American Conquest
http://www.FloridaHistory.com/ Conquest Records describe cultured Native villages precisely where modern cities are located today. Native American Index
http://www.thehawksnest.com/html/nativein.html For younger youth, this site briefly explains aspects of native life, from pow wows, chiefs, prayers, stories, dances and music, to some tribal information. Native American Indian: Art, Culture, Education, History, Science
http://www.kstrom.net/isk/ Native astronomy, books, schools and nations. Native American Nations
http://www.nativeculture.com/lisamitten/nations.html Information on individual native nations. Tribes are listed alphabetically. Native American History Archive
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/k12/naha/natribes.html An index to numerous native tribes. Native American Resource Center
http://www.uncp.edu/nativemuseum/ Native nations, languages, culture, issues and literature. Native Americans
http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/NativeAmericans/
NativeAmerican.html Twin Groves School in Buffalo Grove, Illinois provides short summaries of major native tribes. Native Americans in Georgia
http://ngeorgia.com/history/findex.html Includes background on the Creek, Cherokee, Moundbuilders, Trail of Tears, the Cherokee language, and more. Native Events Calendar
http://www.nativeweb.org/community/events/ Search by type of event and region!Native Recipes
http://www.kstrom.net/isk/food/recipes.html Recipes from various tribes organized by main ingredient. Native Tech: Native American Technology and Art
http://www.nativetech.org/ Includes a lot of information about Native American tools, arts, crafts, and culture and offers many interactive educational games. Native Web
http://www.nativeweb.org Nations, peoples, and geographic locations. Powerful Symbols: Honoring Animal Spirits
http://www.powersource.com/gallery/objects/default.html Interpretations of animal symbols in Native American tradition. Profiles of NPAIHB Member Tribes
http://www.npaihb.org/profiles/profiles.html From the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, this site divides northwest tribes geographically by state, then provides a brief overview of the tribe today and historically. Threads of the Land
http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/threads/thred01e.html From the Canadian Museum of Civilization this site provides information on the clothing traditions of three Northwest Tribes: Copper and Caribou Inuit (Northwest Territories), the Nlaka'pamux (British Columbia Interior), and the Dene (Northern Athapaskans of the Northwest Territories). Photos. Tippicanoe and the Internet, too!
http://dagwood.wvec.k12.in.us/battle/ Information about the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Tecumseh, and more. Fourth grade class project at Battle Ground Elementary School in Battleground, Indiana. Tribes by State Map Index
http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/maps/usmapindex.html Tribes broken down geographically by state. Individual Tribes Abenaki Home Page
http://millennianet.com/slmiller/abenaki/index.htm Abenaki history and the people. Accohannock: Native American Living Village
http://skipjack.net/le_shore/accohannock/ Includes history of the tribe and a living village. Sipapu-Chetro Ketl Great Kiva
http://sipapu.gsu.edu/html/kiva.html "A three-dimensional reconstruction of a Great Kiva, an architectural feature found in many prehistoric Anasazi communities in the Southwestern United States." Wyoming Companion: Native Americans
http://www.wyomingcompanion.com/wcwrr.html "History of the Arapaho Nation - As told by Pius Moss, Tribal Elder." The Blackfeet Nation
http://www.blackfeetnation.com/ Brief history including images and more. Native Americans in North Georgia
http://ngeorgia.com/history/findex.shtml Detailed history of the people and culture. History of the Cherokee
http://cherokeehistory.com/index.html This site includes maps, images, legends, and the history of the tribe. Official Site of the Cherokee Nation
http://www.cherokee.org/ Includes history, from treaties and important dates to the Trail of Tears, dress, language and legends. Click on Culture to find this information. Cheyenne Tribe Overview
http://www.colorado-mall.com/HTML/CULTURAL/CULTURES/
NATIVE_AMERICAN/Cheyenne/CheyenneIntro.html All about how the Cheyenne tribe lived. Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma: History
http://www.choctawnation.com/history/history.htm History of the Chotaw nation. Comanche History
http://www.tolatsga.org/ComancheOne.html History, maps and images, and more. Creek Indians
http://www.cviog.uga.edu:80/Projects/gainfo/creek.htm Creek nation in Georgia, treaties related to them, Chief William McIntosh, Creek War of 1836 and more. Hawai`i - Historical Information
http://www.hawaii-nation.org/history.html A brief history of Hawai`i, 1778 - 1893, key events in Hawai`i's history since Western contact, and the overthrow of the monarchy. The Ho-Chunk Nation - History
http://www.ho-chunknation.com/heritage/culture_history_page.htm Includes history, timeline, images, and more. Hohokam Indians of the Tucson Basin
http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/online.bks/hohokam/titlhoho.htm Complete online version of the book by this name. Includes history and daily life of the Hohokam. Hopi: The Real Thing
http://www.ausbcomp.com/redman/hopi.htm This site presents the tribe's origins, language, religion, and more. Ioway History
http://home.earthlink.net/~ioway/history.html Pre-history to 1685 of the Ioway. Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
http://www.jamestowntribe.org/ History of the tribe, totem poles, and artwork. Click on the History and Culture tab. Kanza! Wind People
http://www.kawnation.com/main.htm History of the tribe and their name. A Guide to the Great Sioux Nation
http://www.travelsd.com/history/sioux/sioux.htm Historical, spiritual, and tribal information and more. Sitting Bull
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/sittingbull.htm PBS provides this biography of Sitting Bull. Lumbee Tribe Home Page
http://www.lumbee.org/ Cultural and historical information about the tribe. The Modoc War
http://education.opb.org/learning/ofg/modoc/ This site provided by Oregon Pulic Broadcasting is an introduction to the history of the war and the Modoc Indians. Mohican Nation Stockbridge-Munsee Band
http://www.mohican.com/ Origin and early life, the coming of Europeans, removals westward and more. The Indians of Long Island
http://www.lihistory.com/2/chap2cov.htm Includes many narratives about their history as well as images, recipes, etc. Nansemond Indian Tribal Association
http://www.nansemond.nativeland.com/ Includes a brief history of the tribe. Culture & Language Centre
http://www.nunavut.com/culture/english/index.html Culture and history of this nation. The Muwekma Ohlone
http://www.muwekma.org/ History presented with images and stories. Oneida Indian Nation
http://www.oneida-nation.net/ Oneida peoples, history and cultural events. Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
http://www.oneidanation.org/ Learn about this tribe's culture, read their historical perspective, and more. The Official Website of the Osage Tribe
http://www.osagetribe.com/ Discover the history of this tribe and more at their official site. Pamunkey Indian Tribe
http://www.baylink.org/pamunkey/ A brief history of the tribe. Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma
http://www.pawneenation.org/ A history of the tribe. Mashantucket Tribal Nation History
http://www.mashantucket.com/update/history.html History of this tribe from Connecticut. Pinoleville Indian Reservation
http://www.pinoleville.org/ Pinoleville history and more. Powhatan Renape Nation History
http://www.powhatan.org/history.html Discover these people's history and read and their nation's stance on Pocahontas. Citizen Potawatomi Nation
http://www.potawatomi.org/ Potawatomi history and more. Indian Pueblo Cultural Center
http://www.indianpueblo.org/ This site gives historic information about the various nineteen communities which make up the Pueblos. The Official Quapaw Website
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/1388/index.html Prehistory, European contact, Spanish and American rule, ceremonies, social structure and more. Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan
http://www.sagchip.org/ Brief history of the tribe, culture, and government. Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
http://www.cowboy.net/native/seminole/ Brief history of the tribe and other information. Shoshoni
http://library.thinkquest.org/J003144/ Learn from this ThinkQuest site about famous Shoshone and the tribe's history, food, homes, art, language and more. Myths and Legends of the Sioux
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/toccer?id=MclMyth&tag=public&images
=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/eng-parsed&part=0 This site from the Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library provides over thirty stories from Sioux tradition in full text. Sioux Heritage
http://www.lakhota.com/default.htm Heritage and culture of Sioux. South Dakota: A Guide to the Great Sioux Nation
http://www.travelsd.com/history/sioux/sioux.htm Landmarks and legends, art, artifacts and points of interest of the Sioux Nation. Southern Ute Indian Tribe
http://www.southern-ute.nsn.us/ History, maps and more. Wichita & Affiliated Tribes
http://www.wichita.nsn.us/ Includes the Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, and Keechi tribes. Northwest Tribes Chinook Tribe of Then and Now
http://www.nwrel.org/teachlewisandclark/free/newberg.html This comprehensive site from Edwards Elementary in Newberg Oregon presents the history of the tribe's lifestyle, ceremonies, transportation, food, shelter and more. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/main.html Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla Indians. Includes detailed history and culture, legends, and more. Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs
http://www.warmsprings.com/ Warm Springs [Walla Walla], Wasco and Paiute Native American tribes. Includes history and culture, Warm Springs legends, community, recreation and tourism, and treaty and documents. The Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw Tribal Profile
http://www.npaihb.org/profiles/coos.html Short history of the tribes in the area and more. Coos Bay, Oregon. A History of the Northwest Coast
http://www.hallman.org/indian/.www.html Early Northwest, its native people and western expansion. History and Culture of the Mandan, Hisatsa, and Arikara Nations
http://www.mhanation.com/history/history_index.shtml This site includes the history of each tribe, as well as present-day information. Oregon Tribes
http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/or/ormap.html A list of tribes and information about each of the tribes. Profiles of NPAIHB Member Tribes
http://www.npaihb.org/profiles/profiles.html From the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, this site divides northwest tribes geographically by state, then provides a brief overview of the tribe today and historically. Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska
http://www.tlingit-haida.org/ This site includes a detailed history of the tribe from 1700 to the present. Tribal Connections of Pacific Northwest
http://www.tribalconnections.org/ Tribes participating in this project share brief histories of their tribes. Includes Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Washington and Oregon tribes. Washington Indian Tribes
http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/wa/wamap.html Tribes throughout Washington state. Blackfeet Nation
http://www.blackfeetnation.com/ Scroll down to page to find this Montana tribe's history including images and a timeline. Inupiaq [Inupiat] - Alaska Native Cultural Profile
http://nnlm.gov/pnr/ethnomed/inupiaq.html History and culture, etiquette, family life, food, and religious life. Cultural Information about the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
http://www.jamestowntribe.org/ History of the tribe, totem poles, and art work. The Klamath Indians Of The Southern Oregon Cascades
http://www.nps.gov/crla/klintro.htm History of the tribe, ritual, myth and more. Klamath Tribes History
http://www.klamathtribes.org/history.html Brief history of the tribe. The Makah Nation
http://www.makah.com/ Information about the Makah, including their whaling practicies. The Flight of the Nez Perce
http://www.bitterroot.net/usdafs/NezPerceflight.html This site presents the Nez Perce war and events. From the USDA, US Forest Service, and Bitterroot National Forest. Nez Perce Tribe
http://www.nezperce.org Information on transportation, food, descriptions of the early Nez Perce, legends and landmarks. Skokomish Tribe of Indians Washington State
http://hood.hctc.com/~skok1/index.html A brief history of the nation. Spokane Indian Tribe
http://www.wellpinit.wednet.edu/spokan/spokan.html History, the language, and an entire section of facts and history for young people. Spokane Tribe of Indians - Early Tribal History
http://www.spokanetribe.com An overview of the tribe including it's history. Click "Next" at the bottom to learn about traders and missionaries, war, and reservations. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/ Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla Indians. Includes detailed history and culture, legends, and more. Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians
http://www.cowcreek.com/ Comprehensive site that includes the history, the elders, government and more. Located in Southwestern Oregon in the Western United States. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
http://www.umatilla.nsn.us Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla Indians. Includes detailed history and culture, legends, and more. Confederated Tribe of Warm Springs Indian Reservation
http://www.warmsprings.com/ History of the tribe and more.
Legislation & Treaties Treaty with Nez Perces, 1855
http://www.critfc.org/text/nptreaty.html Read the treaty online. Treaty with Walla Walla, Cayuse, etc, 1855
http://www.critfc.org/text/umatreaty.html Read the treaty online. Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon, 1855
http://www.critfc.org/text/wstreaty.html Read the Warm Springs tribe treaty online. Treaty with the Tribes of Yakama, 1855
http://www.critfc.org/text/yaktreaty.html Read the Warm Springs tribe treaty online. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
http://www.nwifc.wa.gov/tribes/ Western Washington native tribes and treaties regarding fishing in the Northwest. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/ Cherokee, Chicasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole treaties. Indian Treaties Significant to the Chicasaws
http://www.flash.net/~kma/treaty.htm Chicasaw treaties from 1782 on. Legends and Folktales
Indigenous People's Literature
http://www.indigenouspeople.org/natlit/stories.htm General stories, including creation and migration stories and sacred stories. Literature and Legends
http://members.aol.com/ladyscribe/indig/literat.htm Read myths and legends online. Native American Lore Index Page
http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/loreindx.html Native stories online. Native Peoples Links - Native American Arts, Humanities and Culture : in honor of the Lakota People
- Index of Native American Resources
- The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Society of Native American Culture--N.C.S.U.
- The People of Peace : site of the Same'-Na-Qua Se'-Nom Nation
- Native Americans at Princeton
- ArtNatAm : "Native American Fine Art Exhibit"
- Powersource
- Native Web : "Our vision embraces ancient teachings and modern technology"
- National Museum of the American Indian from the Smithsonian Institute
- Oneida Indian Nation : "one of the original members of the Iroquois Confederacy"
- Citizen Band Pottawatomi Tribe Home Page
- Resources for Indian Schools: Canada First Nations
- Center for World Indigenous Studies Home Page : "Advancing Cooperation and Consent Between Nations"
- NW Coast Indian History : a great multimedia history project
- Tsa-La-Gi Page
- Osage Research
- Duster's Native American Page: "Loads Of Great Information On All Native American Tribes And The Coolest Sites"
- The American Indian Science and Engineering Society
- Quindaro History : history of "a Wyandot town named after Nancy Quindaro Brown, Chief Adam Brown's daughter"
- Native American Indian : Culture, Education, Art, Science, History -- Native Sources
- Native American Documents Project : " demonstration project showing one way in which documents about the history of federal policy concerning native peoples might be more readily available"
- Pueblo Cultural Center
- NativeTech : Native American technology and art
- Maya/Aztec/Inca Center : "deals with the Archeology and Anthropology of the Americas"
- Cherokee National Historical Society : "a private non-profit corporation designed to preserve the history and culture of the Cherokee people - past, present, and future"
- SAIIC South and Meso-American Indian Rights Center
- Tribal Communities in the Bristol Bay Region, Alaska
- The Six Nations Of The Iroquois : "sketches of the Iroquois Nations"
- Tuscarora and Six Nations Indian Websites
- United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
- The Hopi Way - Cloud Dancing : "Dedicated to spreading the message of Chief Dan Evehema, Eldest of the Hopi Elders"
- Nation of Hawai`i : "to provide information regarding the restoration of the independence of Hawai`i, along with cultural perspectives from her people"
- Ani-Stohini/Unami Nation : "an Algonquian language group speaking Native American tribe located in the rural Appalachian Mountain Counties of Washington, Smyth, Grayson, Wythe, Carroll, Patrick, and Floyd in the Commonwealth of Virginia and in Surry County, North Carolina, U.S.A."
- Potawatomi Web
- Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribes
- Quinault Indian Nation
- Seminole Tribe of Florida
- United Tribe of Shawnee Indians
- Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe : "a Native American Indian Tribe located on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State"
- Southern Ute Tribe
- Taino Inter-Tribal Council : " member of the United Confederation of Tano People and is the organization of Tano and other Tano-speaking peoples from the Caribbean Islands who reside in the U.S."
- Pinoleville Band of Pomo Indians : " starting point to reach other Tribal web sites and other Federal and State government related sites"
- Mike's Mi'kmaq Site
- The Dineh Alliance : "a grassroots organization based on Black Mesa, Arizona, that was formed to help bridge the gap between our traditional ways of life and the dominant society and to make sure the voice of our elders and future generations is heard by those who have the authority to create laws that impose upon our very existence"
- The Navajo Nation
- The Seneca Nation of Indians : "one of the six tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy who occupy aboriginal lands in New York State set aside by the Treaty of Canandaigua of 1794"
- Mohawk and Iriquois Homepage
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